#schniedermodelofpostcolonialenglishes #worldenglishes Here's the link to "Singaporean English" https://youtu.be/OKSxP9fBNXo Here's the link to "English as a Killer Language" https://youtu.be/poiY0IAobYE This video is about: Schneider's Dynamic Model of Postcolonial Englishes| Edgar Werner Schneider Model of Englishes Schneider's Dynamic Model of Postcolonial Englishes Edgar Werner Schneider tries to avoid a purely geographical and historical approach evident in the circles models and incorporates sociolinguistic concepts pertaining to acts of identity. He outlines five characteristic stages in the spread of English Phase 1 - Foundation BThis is the initial stage of the introduction of English to a new territory over an extended period of time. Two linguistic processes are operative at this stage (a) language contact between English and indigenous languages. (b) contact between different dialects of English of the settlers which eventually results in a new stable dialect. At this stage, bilingualism is marginal. A few members of the local populace may play an important role as interpreters, translators and guides. Borrowings are limited to lexical items with local place names and terms for local fauna and flora being adopted by the English. Phase 2 - Exonormative stabilization At this stage, the settler communities tend to stabilize politically under Critish rule. English incre ases in prominence and though the colloquial English is a coloniale koine, the speakers look to England for their formal norms. Local vocabulary continues to be adopted. Bilingualism increases amongst the indigenous population through education and increased contacts with English settlers. Knowledge of English becomes an asset,and a new indigenous elite develops. Phase 3 - Nativisation According to Schneider, this is the stage at which a transition occurs as the English settler population starts to accept a new identity based on present and local realities,r ather than sole allegiance to their mother country. By this time, the indigenous strand has also stabilized an L2 system that is a synthesis of substrate effects, interlanguage processes and features adopted from the settlers Koine English. Neologism stabilixe as English is made to adapt to local socio political and cultural practices. Phase 4-Endnonormative stabilization This stage is characterized by the gradual acceptance of local norms, supported by a new locally rooted linguistic self confidence. By this time political evets have made it clear that the settler and indigenous strands are inextricably bound in a sense of nationhood independent of Critain. Acceptance of local English expresses this new identity. National dictionaries are enthusiastically supported, at least for new lexis . Literary creativity in local English begins to flourish. Phase 5- Differentiation At this stage there is a change in the dynamics of identity as the young nation sees itself as less defined by its differences from the former colonial power as a composite of subgroups defined on regional, social and ethnic lines. Coupled with the simple effects of tim ein effecting language change with new English Koine starts to show greater differentiation.

• published: 10 Aug 2023
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